More than 150 survivors prepare civil claims, recounting harrowing experiences of being abandoned after the 2017 bombing

Survivors of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing have spoken out, alleging that emergency services left them to die in the aftermath of the attack. Law firm Hudgell Solicitors is preparing civil claims on behalf of over 150 individuals who were caught in the blast. These survivors, many of whom were closest to the bomber Salman Abedi when he detonated his device, say they felt abandoned by the authorities during their most desperate moments.

Among the claimants are sisters Janet Senior, 64, and Josie Howarth, 66, from Knottingley, West Yorkshire. The pair were in the City Room foyer, waiting for their nieces after the Ariana Grande concert, when the bomb went off. Although they survived, Ms Howarth was left with two metal nuts lodged in her leg, and Ms Senior had a large nut embedded in her neck after her clavicle was shattered.

Ms Senior recounted the hour-long wait for help, a time she describes as haunting. “We were left with no assistance,” she said. “Josie was slipping in and out of consciousness, and I feared she was going to die. We were terrified and alone.” She vividly remembers the cries for help around her, the fading voices of those who had stopped asking for assistance as time passed. “We were left to die,” she said.

Both sisters criticised the lack of action from emergency services, claiming that while ordinary people acted as heroes to help, the response from authorities was disorganised and insufficient. “There were too many chiefs and not enough doers,” Ms Senior remarked, stating that she understood the hesitation to put rescuers in danger, but firmly believed the services had a duty to try to save lives.

Andrea Bradbury, a retired police officer with counter-terrorism experience, also spoke of the failures she witnessed. Having suffered only minor injuries herself, she saw first-hand the chaotic response to the attack. She believes the bombing was preventable and claims that a lack of preparedness from the police and emergency services led to further suffering. “The response was appalling,” she said. “It was a perfect storm of failures.” Bradbury, who was already on the phone to counter-terrorism within minutes of the blast, noted that the emergency services were unprepared, and even when teams arrived, they were hindered by delays.

Ruth Murrell, 52, and her daughter Emily, 18, also recounted the traumatic moments following the explosion. Ruth witnessed the death of a friend while she and Emily awaited help. Both mother and daughter have struggled with severe psychological scars from the event, as have their extended families. Ruth’s daughter Jessica, who had given up her concert ticket to let Emily attend, suffers from survivor’s guilt and required counselling.

The aftermath of the attack has left Ruth with long-lasting physical and emotional damage. After undergoing several surgeries and extensive therapy, she had to leave her job at a GP surgery, while Emily has had to relearn to walk after losing significant movement in her foot. “We were left in the foyer with no assistance, and people were dying around us,” Ruth said.

The survivors are now seeking compensation for their physical and psychological injuries, as well as loss of earnings and ongoing care. Their lawyer, representing over 150 clients, hopes the civil claims will bring attention to the many failures in the emergency response, which they argue could have been prevented with better planning and organisation.

“What happened at Manchester Arena was a shambles,” Ruth Murrell stated. “We know many mistakes were made. While we can’t change the past, we must ensure the right lessons are learned and the necessary improvements are made in future emergency responses.”

Jonathon Cobban and Joel Borders sentenced for sending misogynistic and racist messages, linked to Sarah Everard’s killer

Two former Metropolitan Police officers have been sentenced to 12 weeks in prison for sharing disturbing and offensive messages in a WhatsApp group with Wayne Couzens, the officer responsible for the murder of Sarah Everard. PC Jonathon Cobban, aged 35, and ex-PC Joel Borders, aged 45, were convicted after sending misogynistic, racist, and violent messages, including slurs aimed at Muslims and black people. These messages were exchanged in a group called “Bottle and Stoppers,” which included the killer cop, Couzens.

The messages first came to light after Couzens’ arrest for his heinous crimes, which led to further investigations into the WhatsApp group. Cobban and Borders both denied that their messages were “grossly offensive,” but were found guilty following a trial. District Judge Sarah Turnock, sentencing them at Westminster Magistrates’ Court, remarked that their actions had caused significant harm to the reputation of police forces across the UK.

Despite the offensive content being shared privately, the judge highlighted the immense distress it caused to the individuals and groups targeted by the officers’ slurs. She stated that the messages mocked people they were sworn to protect, encompassing a range of prejudicial views, including racism, misogyny, and homophobia. The judge also noted that such behaviour risked normalising harmful attitudes within the police force. Both officers were sentenced to 12 weeks in prison, although they were granted bail pending an appeal.

Their attempts to express remorse were met with scepticism. The judge pointed out that they had shown little recognition of the harm they caused, with Borders suggesting that the messages were blown out of proportion and Cobban dismissing them as sarcastic. Cobban, who was still serving as a police officer when convicted, and Borders, who resigned after the investigation began, will now face the consequences of their actions, which have further damaged the trust in law enforcement.

In court, it was revealed that many of the offensive messages were sent while Cobban and Borders were still in training, although some were sent while Cobban was on active duty. One message by Cobban included a derogatory comment about a female colleague, while others referred to violence and inappropriate fantasies. The defence lawyer attempted to argue that the officers had suffered from “cancel culture” and media attention, but this claim was rejected.

Following the sentencing, Commander Jon Savell of the Met Police expressed his dismay at the officers’ behaviour, affirming that the force would continue to investigate and prosecute those who break the law. “We demand the highest standards of conduct from our officers,” he stated, reinforcing that those who exhibit such unacceptable attitudes would be dealt with severely.

From self-adjusting screens to floating cameras, here are the visionary gadgets that didn’t make it past the patent stage

As tech giants like Apple and Samsung continue to churn out incremental upgrades, it can sometimes feel like the boundaries of innovation have been pushed to their limits. However, a closer look at patents reveals that within these companies, engineers are still dreaming up groundbreaking devices, many of which have yet to make it to market.

Tech website SimpleGhar sifted through patent databases, uncovering five fascinating technologies that, despite their potential, were never brought to life. These concepts, ranging from retractable iPhone screen protectors to smart contact lenses, demonstrate that true innovation is still bubbling beneath the surface of mainstream tech.

Apple’s iShield
Apple’s proposed iShield aimed to protect iPhones’ fragile screens from damage by deploying retractable screen protectors during a fall. The idea was to create a gap between the screen and the surface it hits, reducing the impact and potentially saving the device from costly repairs. While a brilliant concept, the complex design and the presence of exposed moving parts clashed with Apple’s commitment to sleek and minimalist aesthetics. Additionally, with AppleCare already covering damages, it’s no surprise the device never made it past the drawing board.

Facebook’s Levitating Camera
Meta’s (formerly Facebook) levitating camera concept sounded like something straight out of a science fiction film. The idea was to create a webcam that could float and follow a user’s face during video calls, utilising electromagnets to eliminate shakiness and provide greater freedom of movement. While this would have been a great step forward in improving the video call experience, the prospect of a privacy-invading device constantly tracking movements may not have been met with much enthusiasm. Meta’s more recent shift towards virtual reality has also shifted its focus from physical hardware innovations to the metaverse, making this floating camera seem less of a priority.

Google’s Virtual Hand Keyboard
Building on the now-defunct Google Glass project, Google proposed a virtual hand keyboard that would allow users to type on their hand rather than a screen. This concept, which envisioned augmented reality (AR) technology as an input device, was designed to bring a futuristic approach to text entry. However, the idea of typing on a projected keyboard may be limited in today’s world, where smartphones offer far more practical and diverse capabilities. The technology for a seamless AR experience simply isn’t quite ready for mass adoption, and users seem content with their existing devices.

Samsung’s Smart Contact Lens
Samsung imagined a pair of smart contact lenses capable of projecting virtual screens, capturing photos, and even sending visual data to a connected device. These lenses, designed to function like tiny computers, would have revolutionised the way we interact with technology. However, challenges such as durability, power consumption, and comfort have made the concept far too ambitious for now. While virtual reality and augmented reality are expected to become the next big technological advancements, the technology required to support such features in contact lenses simply doesn’t exist yet. However, advancements like Apple’s waterproof Apple Watch Ultra and LG’s rollable TV suggest that we may one day see similar innovations become reality.

Ford’s Motorised Unicycle
Ford engineers envisioned a motorised unicycle that could be stored in the boot of a car and used to navigate through traffic. The idea was to create a vehicle that combined the benefits of a car with the agility of a small motorbike, making it easier for drivers to park on the outskirts of congested city centres and then quickly manoeuvre through traffic. Although innovative, the practicality of such a device would raise several questions: Would the unicycle be too heavy? How would it affect car insurance policies? And how often would the unicycle’s tyres need to be replaced due to wear and tear? Despite these concerns, it’s easy to imagine Batman or Iron Man being proud of this futuristic invention.

A Brazilian yellow scorpion, responsible for thousands of deaths, kills young boy after venomous sting while putting on his shoe

A seven-year-old boy in Brazil tragically died after suffering seven cardiac arrests following a venomous sting from a Brazilian yellow scorpion, one of the most dangerous species in the world. Luiz Miguel Furtado Barbosa passed away on October 25, two days after the attack, which occurred while he was preparing to go on a camping trip with his family in Anhembi, São Paulo state.

The incident unfolded on the morning of October 23, when Luiz Miguel, excited about the trip, was putting on his shoes when he was stung. His mother, Angelita Proença Furtado, described the moment, saying, “As soon as he put on his shoe, he screamed in pain. We couldn’t immediately identify what had stung him, but his leg began to redden, and he reported that the pain was spreading.”

The family searched frantically for the source of the sting and, five minutes later, discovered the yellow scorpion. They quickly rushed Luiz Miguel to Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu, where scorpion antivenom was available. However, at the hospital, the boy suffered multiple cardiac arrests, and doctors informed his parents that recovery was unlikely.

After four cardiac arrests, Luiz Miguel’s parents lost hope, with his mother recalling a heartbreaking moment when she prayed over her son, saying, “When I entered the room, I placed my hand on his head and gave him with all my heart to his true owner. I said: Lord, he’s yours! Take him with you and take care of him.”

The following day, Luiz Miguel showed signs of improvement, briefly opening his eyes and trying to speak. However, his condition worsened again, and he suffered three more cardiac arrests before passing away on October 25.

The boy’s mother reflected on her son’s sudden and tragic death, remembering how he was full of energy and enthusiasm for life. “He seemed to want to experience everything in a single day,” she said, adding that now she believes he was in a hurry to live.

The death of Luiz Miguel prompted a three-day official mourning period declared by Anhembi city council, who also shared a condolence message on Instagram. Scorpion stings, especially from the Brazilian yellow scorpion, are a serious public health issue in the country. Since 2000, the number of reported incidents involving this species has increased tenfold, with 156,000 cases recorded in 2018, according to Brazil’s health ministry.

The Brazilian yellow scorpion, or Tityus serrulatus, is known for its highly toxic venom and its ability to reproduce asexually, which has contributed to the rapid rise in scorpion populations. The species is found in urban areas, including homes, schools, supermarkets, and even the Brazilian Senate. The growing population has been linked to climate change, with warmer and wetter conditions providing an ideal habitat for the scorpions.

Union and Charities Urge Immediate Action as Overcrowding and Staff Pressure Escalate

Migrants have begun to be relocated from the overcrowded Manston immigration processing centre, following mounting concerns over its capacity and conditions. Two coaches were seen departing the site on Tuesday afternoon, each seemingly packed with people. Another coach arrived shortly afterwards. However, it remains unclear where the displaced individuals are being taken, with potential destinations including hotels or alternative accommodation.

The facility, originally set up in January 2022 at a former Ministry of Defence fire training centre, was designed to accommodate no more than 1,600 people for short stays of up to 24 hours. Yet, by Monday, the number of people at the site had surged to 4,000, prompting serious concerns about overcrowding and living conditions. Conservative MP for North Thanet, Sir Roger Gale, acknowledged the relocation of “several hundred” people as part of ongoing efforts to manage the situation.

Robert Jenrick, the immigration minister, confirmed on Tuesday evening that the number of migrants at Manston had “fallen substantially” and assured that, unless there was a sudden increase in small boat arrivals, numbers would continue to decrease. He stressed the importance of returning the site to a sustainable operating model.

However, Lucy Moreton, from the Union for Borders, Immigration and Customs (ISU), highlighted that staffing pressures were yet to be alleviated. Despite requests for additional support, including better mental health services for staff, the Home Office had not responded, leaving workers concerned about their wellbeing and the legal implications of their instructions.

Charities, including the British Red Cross, have also expressed grave concern about the conditions at the site. Alex Fraser, the charity’s director for refugee services, stressed the urgent need for immediate action to ensure the safety and dignity of those at Manston. He emphasised that overcrowding put migrants at risk of disease and further trauma, adding that it reflected wider issues in the UK’s asylum system.

Fraser called for an overhaul of the asylum process, urging the Government to expedite decisions for nationalities with high approval rates and expand safe routes to prevent dangerous journeys. He added that the UK’s history of helping those fleeing war and persecution should ensure that everyone arriving on British shores is treated with compassion.

Meanwhile, the Home Office maintained that it was committed to the welfare of both migrants and staff, and was working to address the situation.

Spurs Seal Top Spot in Group with Last-Minute Victory, But Some Players Struggle

Tottenham secured their place in the Champions League knockout stages as group winners with a thrilling 2-1 victory over Marseille. Pierre-Emile Hojbjerg’s last-minute strike capped a dramatic finish that sent Spurs through to the last 16 and eliminated the French side.

The match got off to a difficult start for Antonio Conte’s men, as Chancel Mbemba’s header in first-half stoppage time gave Marseille a deserved lead. However, Spurs fought back after the break, and Clement Lenglet equalised with a well-taken header from an Ivan Perisic free-kick.

The game ended in an intense final few minutes, with Hojbjerg striking the crossbar and Saed Kolasinac heading wide from close range. In the dying seconds, Hojbjerg was on hand to score the winner, sending Spurs through in dramatic fashion.

Player Ratings:

Hugo Lloris (7): Pulled off a superb save to deny Jordan Veretout but could do nothing about Mbemba’s header.

Eric Dier (7): Not entirely comfortable in a new right-sided role in the back three, but he was key in Spurs’ defensive efforts during the second half.

Clement Lenglet (7): Struggled defensively at times but made a vital contribution at the other end with a fine equaliser.

Ben Davies (7): Although he didn’t provide much support for Perisic on the left, Davies was solid defensively and made crucial interventions.

Ryan Sessegnon (3): Struggled to adapt when moved to right wing-back and was unable to contain Nuno Tavares, leading to his substitution at half-time.

Rodrigo Bentancur (8): Composed on the ball and tireless in his efforts, Bentancur has been Tottenham’s standout player for some time, though his final ball was occasionally off.

Pierre-Emile Hojbjerg (8): Despite missing a golden chance to win the game earlier, Hojbjerg redeemed himself with a dramatic late winner. His leadership was crucial throughout the match.

Ivan Perisic (6): Delivered the perfect free-kick for the equaliser, but has otherwise underperformed recently. His set-piece ability remains a valuable asset.

Lucas Moura (4): A disappointing performance from the Brazilian, who struggled with the ball and was often out of sync with his teammates.

Heung-min Son (5): Forced off with a head injury early in the first half, limiting his impact on the match.

Harry Kane (7): Was isolated upfront for much of the game, especially after Son’s departure. He showed more threat in the second half and played a key role in Hojbjerg’s winner.

Substitutes:

Yves Bissouma (7, for Son, 29′): A solid performance in the second half, winning tackles and maintaining possession well.

Emerson Royal (7, for Sessegnon, 45′): Brought balance to the right flank and was steady in possession, although not particularly inspiring.

Oliver Skipp (6, for Bentancur, 84′): Worked hard in the closing stages, winning the ball that led to the winning goal.

Bryan Gil (N/A, for Lucas, 90′): Came on too late to make an impact.

Not used: Forster, Austin, Doherty, Sanchez, Spence, Tanganga, Sarr, White.

The win ensures Tottenham finish top of Group D, securing their place in the knockout rounds. Despite the dramatic ending, there were notable struggles for some of the Spurs players, particularly Lucas and Sessegnon, though Hojbjerg and Bentancur’s performances helped drag the team through.

Mohamed Salah’s Late Goal Secures Win for Liverpool, While Nunez Adds a Second in Final Moments

Mohamed Salah matched Steven Gerrard’s record for European goals at Anfield with his crucial 85th-minute strike, helping Liverpool secure a 2-0 victory over Napoli in the Champions League. The win came after a determined second-half performance, with Salah’s follow-up goal proving pivotal. His 41st European goal, scored in his 64th Champions League appearance, equalled Gerrard’s tally of 18 Champions League goals at Anfield.

The goal came after a dramatic moment in the 85th minute, when Napoli’s goalkeeper Alex Meret kept a header from Darwin Nunez from crossing the line. Salah was quick to react, forcing the ball into the net and giving Liverpool the lead. Nunez later added a second goal in the dying seconds, with VAR overturning an offside decision to confirm his strike after a Virgil van Dijk header had been spilled by Meret.

Although the match had little at stake for Napoli, who had already secured top spot in Group A, it offered Liverpool a much-needed confidence boost following a disappointing start to their group campaign, which had included a heavy 4-1 loss in Naples. Jurgen Klopp’s side had already qualified for the knockout stage before the match, but the victory allowed them to end the group stage on a positive note.

Despite the win, there were concerns for Liverpool, as James Milner was forced off with an injury, leaving the team short of resources in the midfield. However, the return of Ibrahima Konate to the defensive lineup, replacing Joe Gomez, was a positive. His partnership with Virgil van Dijk appeared to offer better stability, especially in light of recent defensive struggles.

The first half of the match was largely uneventful, with Liverpool failing to create clear-cut chances. Curtis Jones missed an opportunity, firing over the bar after a tight-angle attempt, and later heading wide from a Roberto Firmino flick. Napoli’s winger, Khvicha Kvaratskhelia, posed the biggest threat with his runs, but Liverpool’s defence held firm.

In the second half, Napoli had a chance to take the lead when Leo Ostigard appeared to score from a free-kick, but VAR ruled the goal out for offside after a three-minute review. Liverpool, meanwhile, struggled to convert chances, with Salah missing a close-range volley before finally finding the net in the 85th minute. Nunez then sealed the win with a goal at the death.

The victory marked a positive end to a difficult group stage for Liverpool, who will now turn their attention to their Premier League campaign. Klopp’s side has struggled in recent weeks, and their next challenge comes against Tottenham in London, where they will hope to find form in the league after a difficult start.

Jemma Mitchell Jailed for Life After Murdering Mee Kuen Chong and Transporting Her Body in Suitcase

Jemma Mitchell, 38, has been sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 34 years for the brutal murder of her friend, Mee Kuen Chong, 67. Mitchell decapitated Chong in London in June 2021 and transported her body 320 kilometres (200 miles) in a suitcase, dumping it in a woodland area in Devon. This case is notable for being the first instance in the UK where someone was sentenced on television.

Judge Richard Marks described Mitchell as “extremely devious” and said the murder was “done for gain.” He also emphasised Mitchell’s lack of remorse and her calculated nature, adding that she had preyed upon the vulnerable Chong, who struggled with mental health issues.

Mitchell’s plan was driven by financial motives. The prosecution revealed that she had plotted to kill Chong after the latter refused to provide £200,000 for Mitchell’s home repairs. The court also discovered a fake will at Mitchell’s house, which would have left the majority of Chong’s estate to her.

The murder occurred when Mitchell visited Chong’s home with the intention of killing her. After the crime, Mitchell stored Chong’s body in the garden of the house she shared with her retired mother. On 26 June 2021, she placed the body in a suitcase, hired a car, and drove to Devon. A punctured tyre delayed her plans, which resulted in her being forced to seek assistance at a service station. The repairman described Mitchell as behaving oddly, and he also noted an unusual smell in the car.

Chong’s headless body was discovered by holidaymakers near Salcombe on 27 June, and her skull was later found nearby. Despite Mitchell’s claims of innocence, a pathologist’s report indicated that Chong had suffered head and rib fractures, likely caused by being placed in the suitcase or through attempts to revive her.

Mitchell, who had a background in osteopathy and human dissection, denied involvement in the murder but chose not to testify during her trial. She was found guilty of murder by a jury at the Old Bailey after deliberating for seven hours.

Detective Chief Inspector Jim Eastwood, who led the investigation, described the crime as “truly despicable.” He also highlighted the extent of Mitchell’s planning and the cold-hearted nature of her actions. Mitchell’s financial desperation and calculated nature were central to the case, with the murder ultimately being driven by her desire to gain access to Chong’s money.

This case has shocked the public, and Mitchell’s sentence marks the end of a disturbing and calculated crime.

Former Danville Officer Andrew Hall Cleared Over Tyrell Wilson’s Death During Confrontation

A former police officer, already serving a prison sentence for a previous fatal shooting, will not face charges over the 2021 killing of Tyrell Wilson, a mentally ill Black man, during a confrontation in Danville, California. Contra Costa District Attorney Diana Becton confirmed on Friday that no charges would be filed against Andrew Hall, 33, in connection with the death of Wilson, who was holding a knife when officers responded to a call regarding rocks being thrown from an overpass.

Hall, who is currently serving a six-year sentence for the 2018 shooting of Laudemer Arboleda, was involved in the March 2021 incident that led to Wilson’s death. Wilson, 32, who had schizophrenia, was killed after a tense standoff with Hall. Video footage of the incident, captured by a nearby motorist, shows Wilson moving away from Hall before the officer opened fire, fatally shooting Wilson in the head within 32 seconds of the initial encounter.

Becton stated that while the case was complex, her office did not have sufficient evidence to pursue criminal charges, explaining that Hall’s actions could be justified as self-defence. “This was a difficult and challenging case,” she said, adding that the loss of Wilson’s life was deeply felt in the community.

Wilson’s family and their lawyer, John Burris, strongly disagreed with the decision. Burris argued that Hall’s response was excessive and that Wilson’s mental health issues should have been considered when assessing the situation. He believes that a prosecution could have been warranted and that earlier intervention in Hall’s first fatal shooting might have prevented the second tragedy.

The killing has raised further questions regarding the role of race, with Hall being white and Wilson being Black. Critics point to the fact that Danville is a predominantly white town, and Hall’s previous history of using lethal force has compounded suspicions about systemic issues within the police force.

The confrontation began when Hall and other officers arrived at the scene of a reported disturbance involving Wilson, who was carrying a knife. According to the prosecutor’s report, Wilson told Hall not to touch him, brandished the knife, and moved away while threatening the officer. When Wilson allegedly stepped towards Hall with the knife raised, Hall shot him.

Tyrell Wilson’s tragic death, alongside that of Laudemer Arboleda, has sparked protests and legal action. Civil rights lawsuits have been settled by the county, which also provided police officers to Danville under a contract. Hall’s actions continue to divide opinion, and Wilson’s family is considering asking the state attorney general or U.S. attorney to review the case.

Richard Allen, 50, Detained Over Murders of Abby Williams and Libby German in Delphi

Richard Allen, a 50-year-old man, has been arrested in relation to the 2017 murders of two Indiana schoolgirls, Abby Williams and Libby German, in Delphi. Authorities took Allen into custody on Friday, marking a significant breakthrough in the high-profile case. The arrest comes more than five years after the girls were tragically killed.

Allen was initially booked into Carroll County Jail in Delphi before being transferred to a state facility for his safety, according to reports. Although the exact charges are still unclear, law enforcement officials have described the arrest as a “major development,” and a press conference by Indiana State Police is scheduled for Monday.

Following the arrest, Kelsi German, Libby’s sister, expressed her gratitude on social media, writing: “Today is the day. Just know how grateful I am for all of you.”

The arrest of Allen is the first time he has been publicly linked to the murders, which have long remained unsolved. Abby, 13, and Libby, 14, vanished on 13 February 2017 while hiking at the Monon High Bridge near Delphi. Their bodies were discovered the following day, around half a mile off the trail.

Authorities have yet to reveal the cause of death, but a crucial piece of evidence emerged in the form of a Snapchat video recorded by Libby during the hike. The footage, released last year, shows a man approaching the girls while a voice instructs them to “down the hill.” The suspect remains unidentified, though he is described as a white male between 16 and 40 years old, standing between 5’6” and 5’10” tall, and weighing between 180 and 200 pounds.

In a separate development, Indiana State Police revealed last December that a fake social media account, “anthony_shots,” may have been used to lure the girls on their hike, potentially through a process known as catfishing. The account was allegedly used to solicit inappropriate images and attempt to arrange in-person meetings.

The investigation into the case has uncovered further chilling details. Court documents obtained by The Murder Sheet podcast in May suggested that the girls’ bodies had been staged, with the killer possibly taking items from the scene as trophies. FBI search warrants also indicated that the victims suffered significant blood loss and were not killed where their bodies were found.

In August, investigative hosts Áine Cain and Kevin Greenlee revealed that police had been searching the Wabash River, about 35 miles east of Delphi, in connection with the case.